نشریه پژوهش های انسان شناسی ایران
سال ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 11، بهار و تابستان 1395)

Question of quantity and quality of built spaces and meanings and implications inherent them, have always at the forefront of architectural researches. Meanwhile, “approach to cognition” of the phenomenon of built space as well as “means of cognition” is the difference of researches and it is in question. One of the epistemology on recognition of objects which introduced in 20th century and embraced all fields related to human life was phenomenology. Phenomenology is as a methodology and toolkit which makes possible to achieve recognition of “human being” in a concert way as human feels and perceives it. Since phenomenological method is based on lived experience of people, “senses and emotions” have a main role in this process. In this study, on the philosophical foundations of interpretative and qualitative study and by design discourse analysis approach, we have tried to find the answers of research questions. The results of the discussion show that the presence of human sensory perception in built spaces and total involvement with the space and the elements of creating meaning (as the sense data), provides the context of creation of individual and collective memories for people, as well as recalling spatiality of experienced spaces in future and collective consciousness of that quality. Deeper quality of those spaces engaged imagination of humans more and conquers them through their imagination. The fantasy and imagination of experience of evocative spaces, strengthens feeling of being in the place, welfare, comfortableness and identity and therefore, architecture gives us identity and it is the most important task of it.

The present study with a qualitative approach aimed to investigate and analyze rural entrepreneurship in the era of globalization. The theoretical orientation of the paper is based on the Arturo Escobar’s Triple Model for fixation and institutionalization of development. The main goal of paper was to form and present a theoretical alternative for the mainstream classical economic and industrial rural entrepreneurship that is drawn on the orthodox-positivistic characteristics such as self-interest, rational choice, profit and globalized values which carry a hegemonic power. Based on the grounded theories, some key research questions were drawn. The research data was gathered through deep interviews. For this purpose, a number of twenty entrepreneurs, experts and practitioners in agricultural and rural sector were purposefully selected in Hamedan province by both theoretical and maximum variation sampling methods. Textual data analysis was done by a content analysis method using a strategy of theoretical coding (open, and axial). The results showed that the interviewees imply that entrepreneurship and globalization are two important factors in the economic area which are defined and explained with elements include competition, benefit, productivity, privatization, and technology. The subjective and cultural issues such as rural traditions and lived-experiences don’t play a role in the ideas of respondents. Finally, the research proposes the concept of "anthropological rural entrepreneurship" instead of economical entrepreneurship. This new type or version of entrepreneurship is embedded within the broad context of rural as an organic environment of social relations.

One of very important issues after catastrophes like war is the reconstruction of damages and also rebuilding the social life at the hurting society.
The present article is aimed at addressing reconstruction of those rural communities of Kurdistan province which destroyed during Iraq and Iran war. The fieldwork has been done in three villages: Njmar, Qalajee, Qalagah. Using qualitative methods, this research focuses on those people's experiences that have been affected by war and its damages. Our approach is a people-based approach; by which we distance from national level attitudes and come closer to local perceptions. So adopting a multi-dimension perspective, the present study goes beyond the up-to-down approach and addresses the social issues. We addressed the social reconstruction in its six dimensions including social capital, social commitment, social confidence, social solidarity, social coexistence, cultural cpital. Our findings suggest that reconstruction plan targeted the war-affected villages had mainly a physical approach and did not considered social dimensions. However, we are witnessing a kind of down-to-up social reconstruction which is achieved by local communities. Continuance and endurance of these rural communities owes to high levels of social capital, social commitment, social confidence, social solidarity, and social coexistence. These social assets can facilitate continuation of reconstruction and development of war-affected regions. One of the important points in the area of life and social relations at these villages is the existence of solidarity and peace before war. Stablishing a strong and solid society, behind building well-structured buildings that can resist risks, also includes social commitment, social solidarity, coexistence and uniformity and peace between individuals and different social groups.

The present article aims to conduct an ethnographic study of the confrontation between the local culture and global commodities in Baneh. Theoretically, this article suggests that confrontation with the global should be understood in relation to neoliberal market, Identityand collective ideologies. Thus,while carrying out a participant observation,we interviewed fifteen people in Baneh. The results indicate that a) local consumption culturesare mostly affected by market ideologies and its advertisement mechanisms, and the role of national and religious forms in the construction of meaning is limited by market. Therefore, globalization and global commoditieshave shaped a standard consumption culture that contains specific meanings which are different from the local culture ,b) the local consumption without confrontation culture hasto accept the logic of the market,and d) local culture confrontsthe marketization and commercialization of local public sphere and private spheres.This process leads to moral reactions and identity and popular strategies of adaptation.

Tribes and villagers in Ilam have had significant historical importance. The dynasties that ruled over Iran until the age of Pahlavi relied on their tribal power and villagers were their main forces and protected the borders against adversaries. During eight years of the Iraqi invasion (1359-1367) the Revolutionary Guards, Iranian Army, Basij, gendarmerie and the Revolution Committee forces that fought the enemy at the fronts, different segments of society had various ways of playing their role in the War. Villagers are highly important due to qualities like large population, being nomadic and moving and tribal hierarchical structure. Due to the nomadic texture in Ilam, this article intends to demanstrate what was the role of Ilami villagers in the “sacred defence” (Iran/ Irag War) and how and in what ways were this role played? using a descriptive-analytical method, This article has tried to explain this role and by analyzing the subject and checking sources and interviews has drawn the conclusion that the villagers of this province have played a noticeable role in strengthening Iran’s economy and spirits of warriors at the fronts by offering services such as: animal production, financial and non-financial support to the fronts, sending troops to the fronts, participating operations and presence in war zones.

The paper is concerning preliminary survey of Qaradaq region of Eastern Azerbaijan in view of ecological, archaeological and ethnographic perspectives. The region under study is poor in fertile soil, underpopulated settlements and nomadic Ubas being its dominant landscape. Indeed, archaeological investigations show the lack of considerable archaeological records up to the Iron age. The main subject matter of the paper is to investigate primary reasons behind permanence of nomadic subsistence in the region up to now as well as its historical and ecological continuation. It has been shown that there is a permanence of cultural traditions for more than three thousand years on the basis of environmental and ecological factors along with the dominance of vertical pastoralism. The main hypothesis was that the endurance in ecological and environmental conditions as well as its particular limitations is the reason behind the permanence of long-term cultural traditions. Ethno-archaeology has been chosen to undertake such a research. archaeological and ethnographical investigations of Qaradaq has been shown once more the principal role of ecosystem in permanence or impermanence of different modes of human life and subsistence. It is clear that ecosystems such as Central Qaradaq in no way allow the formation of settlement systems and moving toward social and cultural complications to occur.

Cultural diffusion is a process through which cultural sets or elements are transferred from one culture or society to another, absorbed gradually and cause its change. Base on this theory, a cultural issue which is considered as a sign of a society is, borrowed by the other society and is accepted. Because of natural conditions and its long history, Kerman Province has met a variety of things such as Fars, Balouch, Turk, and Lor. In the present research, after introducing the geographical, social, and cultural situation of Kerman Province, we study the linguistic culture of the ‘North’ and the ‘South’ of this province. Results of this paper show that the dialects of the South of the Province are mostly affected by the immigrants’ dialects and they are much closer to the Middle Persian. On the other hand, the dialects of the North of the Province are affected by the new Persian. All data are collected by the native speakers of each dialect through recording their sounds by a professional microphone and they are all analyzed by the PRAAT Sound- analyzer Software. Results may be fruitful for anthropologists and linguists.

Biological Anthropology had been considerably changed from beginning to now. From 19th to Mid-20th century, the race has been the principal concept in bio-anthropologic researches. Since Mid-20th, the concept of race replaced with the new subjects. The second half of 20th century can be counted as the transition period for bio-anthropology. The three last decades of 20th century are the decades of increasingly growth of the discipline. Throughout these years the discipline goes ahead from a general situation to a more specialized one. The specialties such as Human genetics, Primatology, Human economy and paleoanthropology are the most important specialties which are developing right now. In 21st, a new important approach named bio-cultural approach established under the discipline in which both biological and culture aspect are include when studying a human issue. Nutritional Anthropology, Embodiment and Medical Anthropology and Neural Anthropology are some of its sub-areas. These sub-areas are considered as the most practical areas in contemporary anthropology. This article deals with this new approach and its sub-areas.